T3 Webinar:
A Primer on Wireless Data Transport Systems: Wireless Trends, Tools and Tips
August 14, 2007
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"A Primer on Wireless Data Transport Systems: Wireless Trends, Tools and Tips"
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A Primer on Wireless Data Transport Systems: Wireless Trends, Tools and Tips
Presented by:
Southwest Research Institute
Talking Technology & Transportation (T3) Webinar
August 14, 2007
Slide 1: Introduction
A Primer on Wireless Data Transport Systems:
Wireless Trends, Tools and Tips
Intelligent Transportation Systems Department.
Southwest Research Institute®
www.swri.org, www.swri.edu
Slide 2: This training is for…
Any ITS or traffic professional that desires to learn more about the basics of wireless solutions, and the components of effective and efficient wireless design
Slide 3: Purpose of Session
Class Format and Method
- Presentation
- Discussion — Q &A at the end
- Use of product literature
Slide 4: Today's Agenda
- Session I — The foundation for later engineering and application sessions
- Wireless Trends
- Architecture
- Choosing an Architecture
- Unlicensed or No Fee Radio Frequencies
- Standards
Slide 5: Future Topics for Wireless T3 (Proposed)
- Session II
- Coding Methods
- Radio Link Engineering
- Session III
- Session IV
- Managing Interference
- Antennas
- Session V
- Application Engineering, Rules of Thumb
Slide 6: We would like you to walk away with…
Three things:
- An expanded understanding of the trends at work in the ITS and traffic wireless arena
- Some new techniques in your toolbox to address wireless implementation and service issues
- An increased comfort level with wireless technology
Slide 7: Session I
Slide 8 and 9: Wireless Trends
- The Mobility Market — It is big and getting bigger
- Focus on three measures…
- The number of online users
- The battle for the small screen — Your mobile phone, PDA or vehicle LCD monitor
- Our growing impatience with low speed channels
Slide 10: Growth in Users
[The chart maps the growth in the number of online users, from fewer than 50 million in 1995, to almost 350 million in 2005.]
Slide 11: The Valuable Two Square Inches
[The bar chart from eMarketer, Inc. shows the numbers of US consumers who watch TV programs (including live and pre-recorded programming, as well as downloads from a DVR) on their mobile phones in 2005, 2006 and 2009. The top bar shows that 1.2 million consumers (0.6% of mobile phone subscribers) watched TV programs on their mobile phones in 2005, the middle bar shows that 3.0 million consumers (1.4% of mobile phone subscribers) did so in 2006, and the bottom bar shows a forecast of 15.0 million consumers (6.2% of mobile phone subscribers) who will do so in 2009.]
Slide 12: Put Your Money Where Your Mouse Is (from "A Nation Online" 2004).
- Our growing impatience, willingness to buy speed
| |
2001 |
2003 |
% Change |
| Dial-Up |
44.2 |
38.6 |
-12.7% |
| DSL |
3.3 |
9.3 |
181.8% |
| Cable |
6.6 |
12.6 |
90.9% |
| Wireless |
0.5 |
0.9 |
80.0% |
| Number of Homes with Internet |
54.6 |
61.5 |
12.6% |
| Total Number of Households |
108.6 |
112.6 |
3.7% |
|
Slide 13: Putting it all Together
Why wireless is important
If…
- Technology exists and is searching for markets;
- People are data hungry and will become hungrier;
- As a society we will neither sit still nor slow down;
- Then…
Slide 14: Wireless Trends
Then...
- The wave of new products will continue
- Specialized applications like traffic and ITS will reap the benefits as we selectively apply wireless technology
- Especially adept systems integrators of software driven COTS products
Slide 15: Wireless Architectures
Slide 16: Wireless Architectures and Use Cases
- Point-to-Point
- Point-to-Multipoint
- Multipoint-to-Multipoint, Mesh, Adhoc
- Cellular
Slide 17: Point-To-Point (PTP)
Typically a "Backhaul", from Point A to B
- Easiest to engineer, low in relative complexity
[The picture shows a wireless signal sent from node/antenna (A) to node/antenna (B). This is a visual representation of point-to-point networks, which transmit signals linearly from one node to another]
Slide 18: Daisy-Chain or Common Point
Daisy-Chain or Common Point (CP) Networks
[The picture provides a visual representation of daisy-chain or common point networks. The picture shows a wireless signal being relayed in a linear fashion through four nodes/antennae — from (A) to (B), then to (C), and lastly to (D)]
Slide 19: Rings
A Ring, the joined ends of a PTP
[The picture shows a wireless signal being transmitted in a "ring". Four nodes/antennae form a square, and the signal is relayed from the first corner (A) to the second corner (B), to the next corner (C), to the last corner (D), and back to (A).]
Slide 20: Point-To-Multipoint (PTM)
- Complex, requires knowledge of user or device behavior and spectrum management
- "A" requires more intelligence
[The picture illustrates a point-to-multipoint network. Node/Antenna (A), shown on the left, transmits five concurrent signals to five discrete nodes/antennae shown on the right — (B), (C), (D), (E), and (F).]
Slide 21: Tree and Branch
PTM is sometimes called Tree and Branch
[The picture shows another variation of point-to-multipoint networks, known as "Tree and Branch". Nodes/antennae (A) through (F) are dispersed at even intervals from each other, and each node/antenna transmits one signal to or from each other.]
Slide 22: Multipoint-to-Multipoint, Mesh
Complex, engineered for network churn, provides multi-hop capabilities Complex, engineered for network churn, provides multi-hop capabilities
[The picture depicts a multipoint-to-multipoint, or mesh network. One main node/antenna transmits a signal to node/antenna (A), which in turn relays multiple signals to other nodes/antennae (nodes/antennae (B) through (I)). Nodes (B) through (I) simultaneously transmit signals to each other]
Slide 23: Cellular
- Users traverse the cells while maintaining connectivity
- More organized than Mesh
[The picture portrays a cellular network consisting of a series of access points (represented by nodes/antennae). Each access point is ordered in a 6-sided cell. A main node/antenna transmits a signal to one cell in the network, and each access point transmits signals to neighboring cells.]
Slide 24: Adhoc
Temporary wireless connections
- Typically operate over limited distances
- A piconet or personal area network when associated with Bluetooth™ or similar devices
- Network clients come and go in an unscheduled manner
Slide 25: Choosing an Architecture
Slide 26: Low Bit-Rate Closed Systems
Low Bit-Rate Closed Systems
- Data rates less than 19,200 bps
- 1200 bps common PTP and PTM networks (not all devices shown)
- Data rates less than 19,200 bps
- 1200 bps common
[The picture portrays a cellular network consisting of a series of access points (represented by nodes/antennae). Each access point is ordered in a 6-sided cell. A main node/antenna transmits a signal to one cell in the network, and each access point transmits signals to neighboring cells.]
Slide 27: Medium to High Bit Rate Open Systems
PTM aggregation networks, with a connecting backhaul point-to-point
[The picture illustrates low bit-rate closed systems by showing a traffic light system transmitting a signal to anther traffic light system. Each system consists of a set of traffic lights linked by an arrow to a traffic controller (shown by a text box), which is in turn linked to sensors (shown by another text box).]
Slide 28: Practical Uses of Wireless
- No longer the technology of last resort
- Applications and costs can be attractive
- Applications include low to high bit rate and open and closed systems
[The picture illustrates medium to high bit-rate open systems. A wireless node (shown by a text box) in the middle of the picture transmits signals to three "substations" on its left. Simultaneously, the wireless node transmits a signal towards the right of the picture, to another wireless node and TMC or TOC.]
Slide 29: Radio Frequency (RF) and Wireless Standards
Slide 30: Wireless Radio Frequency (RF)
- Unlicensed Bands in US
- Industry, Science, and Medical (ISM)
- Microwave ovens, the wireless LAN, the cordless phone and the wireless telemetry in the hospital.
- Uniform – National Information Infrastructure (U-NII)
- Licensed
- No fee, must be Public Safety related
- 4.9 GHz
Slide 31: ISM
| Frequency Range |
Description |
| 902-928 MHz |
Authorized in 1985 in the initial Industry, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) grant for spread spectrum equipment. |
| 902-928 MHz |
Authorized in 1985 in the initial Industry, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) grant for spread spectrum equipment. |
| 2.403 to 2.483 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 1985 in the ISM grant for spread spectrum equipment. |
| 2.403 to 2.483 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 1985 in the ISM grant for spread spectrum equipment. |
| 2.403 to 2.483 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 1985 in the ISM grant for spread spectrum equipment. |
| 5.725 to 5.875 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 1985 in the ISM grant for spread spectrum equipment. |
| 59 to 64 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 1999 in the ISM grant to provide the wireless equivalent of optical data rates. |
|
Slide 32: U-NII
| Frequency Range |
Description |
| 5.15 to 5.25 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 1997 in the Unlicensed Network Information Infrastructure (U-NII) for non-spread spectrum equipment. |
| 5.25 to 5.35 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 1997 in the U-NII for non-spread spectrum equipment. |
| 5.725 to 5.825 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 1997 in the U-NII for non-spread spectrum equipment. |
|
Slide 33: 4.9 GHz
| Frequency Range |
Description |
| 4.940 to 4.990 GHz |
Authorized by the FCC in 2003 for Public Safety use. This includes DOTs. 10 year licenses are available if you do not interfere with the Navy and radio-astronomy. |
|
Slide 34: Wireless Standards
Slide 35: Wireless Standards
- The Standards Bodies ISO and IEEE
- ISO: Worldwide Rules i.e. MPEG
- IEEE: The 802.11, 15 and 16 series of standards
- Expect devices to work together for mature systems, and expect a maturity/interoperability curve
Slide 36: Maturity/Interoperability Curve
- Standards make the curve slope steeper and adoption less painful
- Standards might protect from stranded technology
[This slide is titled the "Maturity/Interoperability Curve." The slide shows a graph. The Y axis is titled "Degrees of Interoperability between Vendors;" the X axis, "In-Service with Early Adopters." The graph shows that when standards are new, there is a lower degree of interoperability between vendors than when standards are mature and have earned wider market acceptance. ]
Slide 37: Standards Bodies
- IEEE – Creates standards
- IEEE does not put a sticker on devices
- Wireless Fidelity Alliance (WiFi)
- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum
- You get a sticker on the device or package
Slide 38: Overview of Standards
Slide 39: Standards and Systems Overview
- IEEE 802.3
- IEEE 802.11 WiFi
- 802.16 WiMAX, proprietary uWave
- 802.15.1 Bluetooth™
- 802.15.3 Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
- 802.15.4 Zigbee
- Radio Frequency Identifiers (RFIDs)
- Cellular: 3G and 4G
- Paging Systems, Free-Space Optics
Slide 40: 802.3 Ethernet
- The original wired Local Area Network (LAN) standard — Full and Half–Duplex
- Adopted in 1983
- Bit-rate now a maximum of 10 Gbps
- 802.3 10/100 Mbps wire limited to ~ 100 meters
- Many wireless systems have adopted the wired LAN protocol (With extensions)
- See the Motorola datasheet
Slide 41: 802.11
- Adopted in 1997, 802.11 is the first of the wireless standards - Half-Duplex (Take turns talking)
- Bit-rate was limited to a maximum aggregate of 2 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band
- Original deployments were indoor LANs
Slide 42: 802.11b
- 802.11b: Adopted in 1999, 802.11b is an addition to 802.11
- Bit-rate a maximum aggregate of 11 Mbps
- In the 2.4 GHz band
Slide 43: 802.11a
- Adopted in 1999
- Bit-rate a maximum aggregate of 54 Mbps
- In the 5 GHz band
Slide 44: 802.11g
- 802.11g: Adopted in 2003, 802.11g combines attributes of 802.11a and b
- Bit-rate a maximum aggregate of 54 Mbps
- In the 2.4 GHz band
- 802.11g most common on laptops
- See the ENCOM datasheet
Slide 45: 802.11n
- For data rates in excess of 100 Mbps
- Targeted for 500 Mbps
- Pre-“N” devices in stores now with Pre-N stickers
- 100-200 Mbps claims seem to be common
- Expect IEEE to ratify in 2008
Slide 46: 802.11p
- Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (WAVE)
- Basis for Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) for the Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII)
- Planned bit-rate an aggregate of 6 Mbps
- 5.9 GHz band
- Distance of up to 1,000 feet for mobile xmit/rcv
Slide 47: FHWA Initiative – VII Use Cases
- Intersection Cooperation
- Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Roadside (V2R)
- Road or Lane Departure
- Vehicle Cooperation
- Information can be found at www.dot.gov
Slide 48: Standards Work
- IEEE P1609 Working Group chartered
- Developing probe mgmt. messages for ISO/SAE
- Developing IEEE P1609 DSRC test methods
[The picture shows data flow and signal transmission between three types of "components" – Vehicle Components, Road Side Components, and TMC Components. In the top box& – Vehicle Components – data flows from vehicle specific information to a vehicle CAN bus (both form the Vehicle System). Next, data flows through an on-board unit system – from a CAN bus controller to a Single Board Computer (SBC), which simultaneously transmits to both a GPS receiver and a Network Interface Card (NIC). Data flows from the NIC to a Low-Latency Wireless Subscriber Unit (SU). The SU transmits a signal to the Road Side Components system, specifically to Low-Latency Wireless Access Points, which passes data on to a Fiber Optic Receiver. Data then flows from the Fiber Optic Receiver to the TMC Components system – specifically to the Fiber Optic Transceivers, then Ethernet Switches, then a Simulated ATMS Environment.]
Slide 49: Putting it all Together
Comparing service footprints
[The picture shows a series of nested ovals that represent service footprints for various networks. The smallest oval on the left of the picture represents Personal Networks. The Personal Networks oval is subsumed by the Wireless LANs/WiFi/DSRC oval, which is in turn incorporated into the uWAVE/WiMAX oval, which is included in the CDMA-EVDO/GSM-GPRS/EDGE/Broadband oval.]
Slide 50: The iPhone
Wireless Convergence (www.att.com)
[The picture shows a screenshot of the Apple iPhone on the left, and provides the technical specifications for the product on the right.]
Slide 51: WiFi Security
Slide 52: 802.11i—Security: Enterprise.Encryption and Authentication (E&A)
- Encoding to make data unreadable without permission
- Password
- Data-stream
- WiFi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)
- www.wi-fi.org
[The picture offers a visual of "Enterprise Authentication." Four sets of laptops are shown in a vertical line on the left. Each set of laptops transmits signals to an access point, which in turn sends data to an authentication server. Once the server authenticates an ID, the access point sends a signal to a system of wired network services. This is represented by a series of computers and monitors, a server, and a printer which are connected to the Internet (represented by interconnected red lines leading to a cloud).]
Slide 53: 802.11i—Small Office/ Home Office
Security usually administered on local device or via Internet
[The picture offers a visual of "Enterprise Authentication." Four sets of laptops are shown in a vertical line on the left. Each set of laptops transmits signals to an access point, which in turn sends data to an authentication server. Once the server authenticates an ID, the access point sends a signal to a system of wired network services. This is represented by a series of computers and monitors, a server, and a printer which are connected to the Internet (represented by interconnected red lines leading to a cloud).]
Slide 54: 802.11—Security Certification
Look for the sticker!
[The picture is a mockup of a sticker that shows that a product is "WiFi Certified" and interoperable with 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.]
Slide 55: 802.16—WiMAX
- WiMAX = Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Trango AP and SU datasheets)
- IEEE 802.16, in 10 to 66 GHz range
- 802.16a, support for 2 to 11 GHz
- 802.16e, add mobility, less than 6 GHz
[The picture shows the elements of and data flow between a wireless network, a fiber network, and PSTN and the Global Internet. In the wireless network, signals flow from a customer site (residential and multi-tenant) to a base station via Wireless PMP Access. The base station sends a signal via BS Backhaul to the fiber network (EDGE). The signal is then transmitted to the Core/Central Office (PSTN/Global Internet).]
Slide 56: WiMAX Speed and Cost
- NASCAR Rules, "Tell me how fast you want to go"
- Rates start approx. 256 Kbps up to 15 Mbps, typically within 3 km
- Radio frequency management is key
- Downstream vs. Upstream
[The picture shows the elements of and data flow between a wireless network, a fiber network, and PSTN and the Global Internet. In the wireless network, signals flow from a customer site (residential and multi-tenant) to a base station via Wireless PMP Access. The base station sends a signal via BS Backhaul to the fiber network (EDGE). The signal is then transmitted to the Core/Central Office (PSTN/Global Internet).]
Slide 57: Proprietary Microwave: PTP, PTM
- Microwave, uWave
- A generic term, was typically applied to Point-to-Point systems in the spectrum from 300 MHz to 10 GHz.
- Now seems to be generically applied to most wireless systems
Slide 58: 802.15.1 - BluetoothTM
- For short-range communications
- Intended to replace USB and other cables
- Spectrum
- Operates in the ISM band at 2.4 GHz
- Range - Depends on the device class:
- Class 3 –up to 1 meter or ~3 feet
- Class 2 –up to 10 meters or ~30 feet
- Class 1 –up to 100 meters or ~300 feet
- Raw Data Rate
- 1 Mbps for Version 1.2; up to 3 Mbps supported for Version 2.0
Slide 59: 802.15.3 – Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
- High bit rate suitable for short-range video applications
- Spectrum
- UWB operates in the ISM band at 2.4 GHz
- Range
- Raw Data Rates
- 110 Mbps at 10 meters, 480 Mbps at 2 meters
Slide 60: 802.15.4—Zigbee
- Low power consumption is differentiator
- Spectrum
- Operates in the ISM bands at 2.4 GHz and 915 MHz
- Range
- Raw Data Rate
- Data rates of 250 kbps @2.4 GHz, 40 kbps @ 915 MHz
Slide 61: Radio Frequency Identifiers (RFID)
- Store limited data, respond when interrogated or transmit autonomously
- Construction
- RFID tags contain a chipset and antenna to receive and respond to queries from an RFID reader
- Three Types
- Passive: no battery, receive power when interrogated
- Semi-Passive: with a battery, but not chatty - toll roads
- Active: with battery, broadcast information autonomously and when interrogated.
Slide 62: RFID
- Spectrum
- Operate in numerous RF bands from 125 KHz up to 5.8 GHz
- Range
- Passive tags, a few feet, up to 1500 meters for active tags
- Raw Data Rate
- Not applicable, not a transport device
Slide 63: 3G and 4G Mobile
A Disclaimer
- Technological innovation in cellular telephone and data networks is fast
- The market is hyper-responsive to technological advances
- What is true this morning, may be different tomorrow
Slide 64: 3G Mobile Features
3G provides an expanded set of features and capabilities, some are here:
- Enhanced multimedia: voice, email, and video
- High speed data, up to 700 Kbps outdoor and 2 Mbps indoor
Some not
- Satellite or terrestrial network route selection
- Roaming capability throughout Europe, Japan, and North America
Slide 65: 3G Mobile
- Two main flavors, CDMA2000 Evolution Data Optimized (EVDO) and GSM Broadband 3G
- CDMA2000 EVDO
- GSM – T Mobile, AT&T
- Range
- Back to the cell site, typically less than 3 miles
- Raw Data Rate
- Marketed 400-700 Kbps, up to 2 Mbps (EVDO), user experience will vary
Slide 66: 3G Mobile
- The promise of a seamless, high data rate world
- High quality audio and video
- Data rate of ~100 Mbps
- Use of software defined radios - base stations and phones.
- Packet switching for both voice and data
- Look for 4G capabilities in 2010, sooner if based upon WiMAX
Slide 67: Paging
- Not as widely used due to cell phones
- Metropolitan, or Satellite
- Low bit rate to deliver a machine command or message
- Challenges with queue length and verification of commands
- Some use for remote signs
Slide 68: Free-Space Optics or Photonics
- Coherent light through the atmosphere
- Operate in unlicensed spectrum
- Short distances
- Mirrors can be used to redirect the light
- Devices can be placed behind windows.
- Raw Data Rate
- Rates up to 1.25 Gbps using a single wavelength of light
Slide 69: Putting It All Together
Comparing service footprints
[The picture shows a series of nested ovals that represent service footprints for various networks. The smallest oval on the left of the picture represents Personal Networks. The Personal Networks oval is subsumed by the Wireless LANs/WiFi/DSRC oval, which is in turn incorporated into the uWAVE/WiMAX oval, which is included in the CDMA-EVDO/GSM-GPRS/EDGE/Broadband oval.]
Slide 70: Questions and Answers
Questions or comments about the class?
Patrick (Pat) Clair PMP
210-522-3019
pclair@swri.org
http://www.pcb.its.dot.gov/res_t3_archive.asp
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