ITS Transit Standards Professional Capacity Building Program
Module 15: Emerging Evacuation Standards of Communication/Incident Management (ISO 19083)
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Slide 1:
(Extended Text Description: Welcome - Graphic image of introductory slide. A large dark blue rectangle with a wide, light grid pattern at the top half and bands of dark and lighter blue bands below. There is a white square ITS logo box with words "Standards ITS Training - Transit" in green and blue on the middle left side. The word "Welcome" in white is to the right of the logo. Under the logo box is the logo for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology.)
Slide 2:
Module: 15
Emerging Evacuation Standards of Communication/Incident Management (ISO 19083)
Slide 3:
Instructor
Dave Matta
U.S. Expert
ISO TC 204 Working Group 8 Public Transport and Emergency Services
Course Developer: Paula Okunieff
Slide 4:
Learning Objectives
Slide 5:
Learning Objective 1
Describe the Elements of the Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework
Slide 6:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
Frequency and Impacts of Disasters
Weather Related Disasters Increasing (US)
Earthquake Threats (Worldwide)
Slide 7:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
Where is transit during a disaster?
Equipment and Facilities
Slide 8:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
Where is transit during a disaster?
Equipment and Facilities
Service
Slide 9:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
Where is transit during a disaster?
Equipment and Facilities
Service
Ridership
(Extended Text Description: This slide, entitled Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview, A photo of buses in hurricane floodwater in the upper right. On the right side underneath the photo of the buses is a frontal view of a bus that reads STORM ROUTE. Underneath the photo of the bus that reads STORM ROUTE is a photo of people exiting a bus while carrying their belongings.)
Slide 10:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
U.S. Interest and Activities Based on Needs
Slide 11:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
Missing System Components in ITS
(Extended Text Description: This slide, entitled "Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview" contains three images in circles at the bottom of the slide. The image on the left shows an Emergency Operations Center with a panel of images are projected for the use of emergency managers. The image in the middle shows Operations Control Center with several stations of staff using workstations to monitor transit operations. The image on the right shows people evacuating.)
Slide 12:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
Need for Communications and Standards
Slide 13:
ISO 19083 Standard Background
What is the ISO 19083?
International Standards Organization (ISO) technical report for developing the requirements for an:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery Decision Support System (EEDRR-DSS)
Purpose
Slide 14:
ISO 19083 Standard Background
ISO 19083 Series of Standards
(Extended Text Description: This slide has the following text, with the text of Part 1 highlighted with a green box to give it emphasis:
Public transport — Emergency evacuation and disaster response and recovery
http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=64752
Part 1: Standard's Framework and Concept of Operation for a Public Transport Decision Support System for Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery
Part 2: Information Flow between Decision Support Systems, Passenger Information Systems, Command and Control Systems, and Emergency Operation Centers during an evacuation/disaster
Part 3: Use Cases needed to support Disaster Drills/Exercises
)
Slide 15:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
What is the EEDRR Framework?
(Extended Text Description: This slide, entitled "Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview" has 8 images and a legend. The legend describes a square as representing Actors. A yellow oval represents systems and other ovals represent communications networks for the ECS (Emergency control system), TIS (traveler information system) and PIS (passenger information system). The eight photographs depict actors. An emergency management center connects to the EEDRR Decision Support System (yellow oval), which in turn connects to the three Actors – Emergency Services, Traffic Management, and Transit. Each of these middle tier actors connect through their own communication network to their field personnel or clients. The Emergency Services actor connects through the ECS to first responders (depicted by firefighters). The Traffic Management connects through the TIS to the Car-Riding public (depicted as bumper to bumper traffic leaving on only one side of the interstate). The Transit actor is connected through the PIS to two actors, the carless public (shown as a parade of people walking) and recovery personnel (shown as a bus with Evacuation Route in its head sign). The Emergency Management actor is a photo of display panels with emergency personnel in a room. The Emergency Services actor is a different view of a EM room. The Traffic Management actor shows an operations center with a panel of displays showing video of traffic. The Transit actor shows an operations center with workstations showing different bus route lines and personnel staffing the workstations.)
Slide 16:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
EEDRR Scope
Slide 17:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
EEDRR Purpose
Paradigm shift
Slide 18:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
Primary Objective of EEDRR Framework
Slide 19:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
EEDRR Decision Support System Approach
Slide 20:
Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview
EEDRR Stakeholders
(Extended Text Description: This slide, entitled "Emergency Evacuation and Disaster Response and Recovery (EEDRR) Framework Overview" shows the EEDRR framework depicted as two large systems (represented as rectangles). The top system is called "External Networks." And the system under it is called the "Decision Support System." The External Networks includes four systems – Emergency Services Networks, Traffic Management Networks, Transit Management Networks, and Social Networks. The Decision Support System (DSS) has four arrows that link the DSS to each of the systems in the External Network. The DSS has three interconnecting subsystems – Interface Layer (data collection, command and control), Knowledge Layer (modeling, analysis, exercises, accreditation), and Cloud Infrastructure Services Layer.)
Slide 21:
Planning Assumptions
Planning Assumptions for Evacuation
Elements that factor into planning:
Slide 22:
Planning Assumptions
Needs Identification
Identify populations to be evacuated:
Where to acquire information:
Slide 23:
Planning Assumptions
Planning Assumptions for Evacuation -Response Times
Estimate time to evacuate identified populations
How
Slide 24:
Planning Assumptions
Planning Assumptions for Evacuation -Resource Assignments
Resource assignments based on total number of available
How
Slide 25:
Other Key Considerations for Disaster Response and Recovery Efforts
Plan for the Unexpected
Slide 26:
Other Key Considerations for Disaster Response and Recovery Efforts
Elements that factor into planning for disaster and response
Slide 27:
Slide 28:
Question
Which of the following is a part of ISO 19083 standard?
Answer Choices
Slide 29:
Review of Answers
a) Sheltering, aid, and security
Incorrect. ISO 19083 pertains to transportation related activities see ISO 22300 Societal Security for these topics.
b) Railways, airports, and ports
Incorrect. ISO 19083 pertains to ground transportation. The reader is directed to ISO TC 20 SC 17 Airport infrastructure and ISO TC 269 Railway application for air and rail transportation issues associates with disasters. No ISO TC exist for Ports.
c) Evacuation, response and recovery
Correct! ISO 19083 Includes transportation related functions before, during and after for disasters.
d) Organizations, policies, and procedures
Incorrect. ISO 19083 pertains to the development of a decision support system that collects and analyzes ITS data.
Slide 30:
Learning Objective 2
Explain roles and responsibilities of organizations (including Transit) in EEDRR
Slide 31:
Agencies and Organizations Involved in a Regionally Supported EEDRR
Step 2 for CONOPS identifying the Actors
(Extended Text Description: This slide contains the following text, with section headers, from top to bottom, emphasized with a blue background, dark blue at the top progressing to light blue at the bottom:
Local
Regional and State
National Agencies
Non-Governmental Organizations
)
Slide 32:
Roles and Responsibilities
Stakeholder/ Actors Groups
Slide 33:
Roles and Responsibilities
Disaster Response Phases and Activities
(Extended Text Description: A circle with six ordered activities with an arrow behind them going clockwise: 1. Advanced planning (update the plan); 2. Incident notification, 3. Activation and mobilization, 4. Evacuation operations, 5. Re-entry, 6. Debrief and assessment.)
Slide 34:
Roles and Responsibilities
Disaster Response Phases and Activities
Advanced Planning
Incident Notification
Activation and mobilization
Slide 35:
Roles and Responsibilities
Disaster Response Phases and Activities
Slide 36:
Roles and Responsibilities
Recovery Phases and Activities
Slide 37:
Roles and Responsibilities
Recovery Phases and Activities Roles
Slide 38:
Criteria for Using Transit
Using the National ITS Architecture Version 7.1
(Extended Text Description: Author's relevant notes: To show how a regional ITS architecture process brings different stakeholders together to agree on how they will interact to support different services. Transit can contribute if they are sitting at the table. When multiple transit agencies are sitting at the table, they can coordinate their activities to address issues such as evacuation and response services. There are four major categories of systems depicted by four rectangles: Travelers, Centers, Vehicles and Fields. These are interconnected through four ovals which represent types of communications networks: wide area wireless (mobile), fixed point – fixed point, vehicle – vehicle and field-vehicle communications networks. Three centers are circled in red to emphasize them: Traffic Management, Emergency Management and Transit Management.)
Slide 39:
Criteria for Using Transit
Finding Stakeholders in the Regional ITS Architecture
EM 2 - Emergency Routing
"This ... package supports routing of emergency vehicles and enlists support from the Traffic Management ... to facilitate travel along these routes. Routes may be determined by this ... package based on real-time traffic information and road conditions or routes may be provided by the Traffic Management ... on request. Vehicles are tracked and routes are based on current vehicle location. This equipment package may coordinate with the Traffic Management to provide preemption or otherwise adapt the traffic control strategy along the selected route"
Slide 40:
Criteria for Using Transit
(Extended Text Description: Author's relevant notes: The purpose of this slide is to show an example of the "reference" model for Emergency Routing for the National ITS Architecture. Regions will walk through the reference and tailor these to fit their region. Most regions only adopt some of the functions and interfaces shown in this diagram (see next page for an example). This is a generic or reference diagram from the National ITS Architecture. A diagram from a region will have names of organizations in each box. Notice, that even in this national model of emergency routing, there is little provision for carless populations, and there is little to no transit presence included in the services. The model includes four actors depicted as purple rectangles): Traffic Management, Emergency Management, Roadway and Emergency Vehicle exchanging data flows (depicted as arrows between the actors. Additionally, the actors also exchange data flows with end users (depicted as yellow ovals or grey rectangle) including emergency personnel, emergency system operator, care facility, rail operations, maintenance and construction management, map update provider and vehicle.)
Slide 41:
EEDRR in the Context of the Regional ITS Architecture
EEDRR Framework Related to EM Services
(Extended Text Description: Author's relevant notes: Example of an instance of Emergency Routing in a typical regional ITS architecture EM02 service. Three systems are included: public safety dispatch (an emergency management system), public safety vehicles (for emergency vehicle subsystem), and Traffic Signals (for roadway subsystem). Data flows between the public safety dispatch and public safety vehicles includes Emergency dispatch request and response; suggested route and emergency vehicle tracking data. The Public Safety Vehicles sends a signal preemption request to the traffic system. Additionally, the Public Safety Dispatch and Public Safety Vehicles exchange data flows with the Hospital (a care facility), requesting and responding to the care facility status and patient status. A legend that shows planned flow (dotted line) and existing flow (straight line) are also shown.)
Slide 42:
EEDRR in the Context of the Regional ITS Architecture
EEDRR Framework Related to EM Service with Transit
(Extended Text Description: Author's relevant notes: Example of an Emergency Routing architecture diagram for transit vehicles transporting carless populations to a shelter. Four systems are included: Transit Dispatch (transit management), transit vehicles (for transit vehicle subsystem), Signal Control (for Traffic Management) and Traffic Signals (for roadway subsystem). Data flows between the Transit dispatch and Transit vehicles includes transit dispatch request and response; suggested route and transit vehicle tracking data. The Transit Vehicles and Signal Control exchange data flows requesting and responding to signal preemption, and the Signal Control sends a control message to the Traffic Signal. Additionally, the Transit Dispatch exchange data flows with a Shelter (a care facility), requesting and responding to the care facility status. A legend that shows planned flow (dotted line) and existing flow (straight line) are also shown.)
Slide 43:
EEDRR in the Context of the Regional ITS Architecture
Transit Role Related to EM Services
Slide 44:
Decision Support Concept of Operations
Using Systems Engineering to Describe Transit's Role in a Concept of Operations DSS
Slide 45:
Decision Support Concept of Operations
Using Systems Engineering to Describe Transit's Role in a Concept of Operations DSS
Slide 46:
Slide 47:
Question
What paradigm change does the EEDRR propose for emergency evacuation and disaster response and recovery?
Answer Choices
Slide 48:
Review of Answers
a) Transit is primary mobility agent for all transportation related actions
Correct! Transit has the most experience and the resources to move large numbers of people efficiently and in a timely manner which is paramount before, during and after a disaster.
b) Transit supports emergency evacuations
Incorrect. This does not represent a paradigm shift as it is what a majority of organizations currently practice.
c) Transit does not participate in disaster recovery
Incorrect. Transit should be a key player in transportation related recovery activities.
d) Emergency Managers relinquish control of the Emergency Operations Center
Incorrect. Emergency Managers will remain in charge of the Emergency Operations Center.
Slide 49:
Learning Objective 3
Developing a Concept of Operations
Slide 50:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Developing the Concept of Operations
Slide 51:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
(Extended Text Description: This slide contains the exact same text as slide #50, above, but with an arrow pointing to the text User-Oriented Operational Approach, which is also highlighted. The full text of the slide includes:
Developing the Concept of Operations
)
Slide 52:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Defining an Operational Approach
Slide 53:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Defining an Operational Approach
Cognitive Processes
(Extended Text Description: This slide contains the following text, organized into three sections. The section titles are highlighted, in an increasing lighter shade of brown, moving down the slide from top to bottom. The full text of the slide includes:.
Assessment Develop Situational Awareness
Scheduling Synchronize Information and Resources
Implementation Execute Actions and Decisions
)
Slide 54:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Defining an Operational Approach
(Extended Text Description: This slide, entitled "Scope of the Transit – EEDRR Decision Support System" has two organizational charts. The first is for the Response Phase and the second is for the Recovery Phase. The Response Phase includes: Transit Emergency Manager, Transit Operations Coordinator, Transit Planning Coordinator, and Transit Logistics Coordinator. The Recovery Phase includes: Transit Recovery Manager, Transit Communications Coordinator, and Transit Project Manager.)
Slide 55:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Defining an Operational Approach
(Extended Text Description: This slide, entitled "Scope of the Transit – EEDRR Decision Support System" has two Continuous Block Process graphics moving from left to right with arrows behind them. The first for the Response Phase Activities (which contains Activation, Operations, and Demobilization). The second for Recovery Phase Activities (which contains Assessment, Prioritization, Mitigation, and Infrastructure Repair).)
Slide 56:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Detailed Transit Objectives
| Phase | Role | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Activation | Transit Emergency Manager | 1.1 Given an incident that requires a response from the Transit Emergency Manager, the user will immediately gather information to gain situation awareness. |
| Activation | Transit Emergency Manager | 1.2 Given an incident that requires a response from the Transit Emergency Manager, the user will activate and staff the Transit EOC. |
| Operations | Transit Emergency Manager | 2.1 Given an incident that requires a response from the Transit Emergency Manager, the user will maintain appropriate documentation during all phases of the response. |
Slide 57:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Operational
Approach
Template
OBJECTIVE:
1.2 Given an incident that requires a response from the PT Emergency Manager, the user will activate and staff the PT EOC.
TASK:
Identify and notify all personnel involved in the emergency response. CONDITION:
Inform each section and member assigned to respond to the emergency incident. STANDARD:
Given the emergency, the user (1) notifies the PT Coordinator assigned for responding to emergency incidents, [2] requests staffing lists, (3) designs a check-in process for each PT EOC department.
EXPECTED ACTIONS:
Call, email or meet with each PT EOC member working on the response effort. ENABLING REQUIREMENTS(ER)
1.2.1. When presented with the task of activating and staffing the PT EOC, the user notifies PT Coordinators who are responding to the incident.
1.2.2. When presented with the task of activating and staffing the PT EOC, the user designs a check-in procedure and distributes it to each department.
MEASUREMENT METHODS:
| ER | Cognitive Process | Decision Support System Strategy | Performance Measure |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CP3 - Implementation | Send an email or call using the address book | The user will notify PT Coordinators responding to the incident within 10 min of activation of the PT EOC |
| 1.2.2 | CP3 - Implementation | Retrieve/modify sample check-in for situation and email results | The user will design and implement a check-in procedure for each department within 30 min activation of the PT EOC |
Slide 58:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Developing Operational Requirements -Completing the Template
Slide 59:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Developing Operational Requirements - Completing the Template Objective, Task, Condition, Standard
| Objective | 2.9 Given an incident that requires a response from a Transit Planning Coordinator, the user will support planning for Transit EOC response. [role: transit planning coordinator] [phase: response] [activity: operations] |
| Task | Develop evacuation routes |
| Condition | Develop routes and service schedule for transit vehicles to pick up populations and take them to safe locations. |
| Standard | Given the designated evacuation roads, bridges, tunnels, population pickup locations, and transit resources, the user maps path, number of transit vehicles, and operators needed to evacuate populations. |
Slide 60:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Developing Operational Requirements - Completing the Template Measurement Methods
Measurement Methods
| ER | CP DSS Strategy | Performance Measures |
|---|---|---|
| 2.9.1 | Assessment Search in database using geographic areas | Data completeness, technical and timing performance measures |
| 2.9.2 | Assessment Access TOC assessment and evaluation path information | See above |
| 2.9.3 | Assessment Retrieve assessment from Transit logistics coordinator | See above |
| 2.9.4 | Scheduling Apply data from assessment and run modeling software | See above |
Slide 61:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Scenario Generation - 4 in ISO 19083
Slide 62:
Scope of the Transit - EEDRR Decision Support System
Example of Scenario Template for Events
| Hazmat Scenario | |
| Casualties | Zero death, one injury |
| Infrastructure Damage | Bus station windows broken, fire damage |
| Evacuations / Displaced Persons | 600 people evacuated from nearby office buildings |
| Contamination | Ammonia spill, bleach spill |
| Economic Impact | Minimal |
| Potential for Multiple Event Hazardous | None |
| Recovery Time | Hours for the initial danger to pass, 1 to 2 days for cleanup |
| Details: A bus station employee accidentally knocks over a barrel of hazardous materials in an attempt to remove the barrels from a storage closet after a small fire breaks out. HAZMAT Teams are immediately dispatched and develop a Hot, Warm, and Cold Zone. Nearby buildings and residences should be evacuated, and all persons who were located in the Bus Station when the evacuation was ordered should be checked for contamination. | |
| Service Disruptions: Train Service: Not affected. Air Travel: Not affected. Roads: The call for residents of nearby buildings to evacuate and the shutdown of the city streets cause traffic delays, which make it more difficult for emergency responders to reach their destinations during the first hour. | |
Transit Task:
|
|
Slide 63:
System Overview
EEDRR Decision Support Environment
Slide 64:
System Overview
EEDRR Decision Support System Architecture
(Extended Text Description: This slide shows the EEDRR framework depicted as two large systems (represented as rectangles) as shown in slide #20. The top system is called "External Networks." And the system under it is called the "Decision Support System." The External Networks includes four systems – Emergency Services Networks, Traffic Management Networks, Transit Management Networks, and Social Networks. The Decision Support System (DSS) has four arrows that link the DSS to each of the systems in the External Network. The DSS has three interconnecting subsystems – Interface Layer (data collection, command and control), Knowledge Layer (modeling, analysis, exercises, and accreditation), and Cloud Infrastructure Services Layer.)
Slide 65:
Operational Impacts
Assess Operational Impact to Organization
Slide 66:
Slide 67:
Question
What is the purpose of developing a concept of operation for EEDRR?
Answer Choices
Slide 68:
Review of Answers
a) Find funding for a system
Incorrect. Used to determine amount of funding for the system
b) Resolve labor issues associated with operating a system
Incorrect. Labor issue may be identified as a result of the scope but not resolved.
c) Identify size of operational force needed for disasters
Incorrect. Resource identification is a product of the system not the concept of operation.
d) Develop the scope of a decision support system
Correct. A fully developed concept of operations determines the scope of the decision support system.
Slide 69:
Learning Objective 4
Applying the DSS to Transit
Slide 70:
Identify the Information Flows in the EEDRR-DSS
Information Sharing and Communications in the EEDRR-DSS
(Extended Text Description: This slide shows the EEDRR framework depicted as two large systems (represented as rectangles) as shown in slide #20. The top system is called "External Networks." And the system under it is called the "Decision Support System." The External Networks includes four systems – Emergency Services Networks, Traffic Management Networks, Transit Management Networks, and Social Networks. The Decision Support System (DSS) has four arrows that link the DSS to each of the systems in the External Network. The DSS has three interconnecting subsystems – Interface Layer (data collection, command and control), Knowledge Layer (modeling, analysis, exercises, accreditation), and Cloud Infrastructure Services Layer.)
Slide 71:
Methods for Information Sharing
Emergency Communications Methods
(Extended Text Description: This slide shows the EEDRR framework depicted as two large systems (represented as rectangles) as shown in slide #20. The top system is called "External Networks." And the system under it is called the "Decision Support System." The External Networks includes four systems – Emergency Services Networks, Traffic Management Networks, Transit Management Networks, and Social Networks. The Decision Support System (DSS) has four arrows that link the DSS to each of the systems in the External Network. The DSS has three interconnecting subsystems – Interface Layer (data collection, command and control), Knowledge Layer (modeling, analysis, exercises, accreditation), and Cloud Infrastructure Services Layer.)
Slide 72:
Information Flow
Information Flow Needs
(Extended Text Description: This slide, entitled "Information Flow" contains a graphic on the right side of the slide that represents the communication between External Networks and the Decision Support System. The box containing the words "Interface Layer (data collection, command and control)" is highlighted while the rest are grayed out. The graphic is the same as described on Slide 20.)
Slide 73:
EEDRR-DSS Characteristics
EEDRR-DSS Layers
(Extended Text Description: This slide, entitled "EEDRR-DSS Characteristics" has a graphic in the middle of the slide that contains three connected boxes of different colors that show the layers in a Decision Support System. The green box on top reads, "Interface Layer (data collection, command and control)". An arrow from the green box connects to the orange box in the middle. The orange box reads, "Knowledge Layer (modeling, analysis, exercises, accreditation)". An arrow from the orange box connects to the blue box on the bottom that reads, "Cloud Infrastructure Services Layer". This is a partial graphic of the EERDD framework described on Slide 20.)
Slide 74:
EEDRR-DSS Characteristics/Personality
(Extended Text Description: Author's relevant notes: This slide, entitled "EEDRR-DSS Characteristics" has a graphic that shows three boxes that show the characteristics of the layers in Decision Support Systems. These are the characteristics of the interface, knowledge and cloud infrastructure layers. The details and configuration will depend on Transit's relationship, role and responsibilities within the regional context, as well as the type of event that occurs. Information Providers, Information Management, and Information Distribution. Each box is color coded to correspond to the characteristics of the DSS layer – green is the External Network and Interface layer, orange is the Knowledge layer, and blue is the Cloud Infrastructure Services layer.)
Slide 75:
Slide 76:
Question
Which layer is NOT a layer in the EEDRR-DSS?
Answer Choices
Slide 77:
Review of Answers
a) Network Layer
Correct! The External Network is located outside the DSS.
b) Interface Layer
Incorrect. This layer supports the methods of information sharing among external network actors.
c) Knowledge Layer
Incorrect. This layer manages, aggregates and processes the information into solutions.
d) Cloud Infrastructure Service Layer
Incorrect. This layer distributes information using accessible infrastructure technologies.
Slide 78:
Module Summary
What We Have Learned
Based on the ISO 19083 Part 1 standard
Slide 79:
Thank you for completing this module.
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